{"id":4630,"date":"2020-07-24T08:56:40","date_gmt":"2020-07-24T06:56:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/reduccion-las-perdidas-postcosecha-preenfriamiento\/"},"modified":"2020-07-27T20:56:30","modified_gmt":"2020-07-27T18:56:30","slug":"reduccio-de-les-perdues-postcollita-el-prerefredament","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/reduccio-de-les-perdues-postcollita-el-prerefredament\/","title":{"rendered":"Reducci\u00f3 de les p\u00e8rdues postcollita: el prerefredament"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Per:\u00a0\u00a0<em>Laia Torregrosa Sauret (Resp. Dept. R+D)<\/em><\/p>\n<h4>1. Introducci\u00f3<\/h4>\n<p>Els productes hortofruct\u00edcoles comencen a deteriorar-se en el moment en qu\u00e8 han estat collits, sent m\u00e9s susceptibles a la p\u00e8rdua de sabor i textura, i a la infecci\u00f3 per pat\u00f2gens. Els processos fisiol\u00f2gics i bioqu\u00edmics en <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/sectors\/fruita-i-verdura\/\"><strong>fruites i verdures<\/strong><\/a> durant la postcollita, s\u00f3n modulats per \u00a0factors interns i externs, entre els factors externs, un dels m\u00e9s influents \u00e9s la temperatura (Mercier et al., 2019). La majoria de les fruites i algunes verdures es cullen a temperatures altes i normalment contenen grans quantitats de calor de camp, la qual accelera els processos metab\u00f2lics i augmenta la p\u00e8rdua d&#8217;humitat a causa de processos fisiol\u00f2gics continus i predisposa el creixement de microorganismes (Elansari et a l&#8217; ., 2019; Zhu et al., 2019), portant a terme una p\u00e8rdua accelerada de la qualitat del producte.<\/p>\n<p>A m\u00e9s, la ind\u00fastria de producci\u00f3 de <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/sectors\/fruita-i-verdura\/\"><strong>fruites i verdures<\/strong><\/a> s&#8217;enfronta al desafiament de minimitzar les p\u00e8rdues posteriors a la collita. Aquest deteriorament juntament amb les deixalles al llarg de la cadena de subministrament i abans d&#8217;arribar al consumidor suposen entre un 13%-38% de minva (Gustavsson et al., 2013). Per tant, es necessiten esfor\u00e7os per tal de reduir les p\u00e8rdues i allargar la vida \u00fatil o comercial del producte, fet que facilitaria l\u2019entrada a mercats m\u00e9s llunyans, requisit cada vegada m\u00e9s necessari per mantenir el nivell de vendes en mercats globalitzats.<\/p>\n<p>El <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/sistemes-de-refredament-rapid\/\"><strong>prerefredament<\/strong><\/a> \u00e9s una operaci\u00f3 clau per a poder allargar la conservaci\u00f3 i la vida comercial del producte fresc. El prop\u00f2sit principal del <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/sistemes-de-refredament-rapid\/\"><strong>prerefredament<\/strong><\/a> \u00e9s reduir les activitats metab\u00f2liques de les <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/sectors\/fruita-i-verdura\/\"><strong>fruites i verdures<\/strong><\/a> i preparar-les pel seg\u00fcent per\u00edode d&#8217;emmagatzematge. Eliminar la calor de camp, per tal de reduir la p\u00e8rdua de qualitat (aparen\u00e7a, textura, aroma, gust, valor nutritiu). Un <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/sistemes-de-refredament-rapid\/\"><strong>prerefredament r\u00e0pid<\/strong><\/a>, just despr\u00e9s de collita, alenteix la respiraci\u00f3 i disminueix la producci\u00f3 d&#8217;etil\u00e8, tot retardant la maduraci\u00f3 del producte, evitant que <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/sectors\/fruita-i-verdura\/\"><strong>fruites i verdures<\/strong><\/a> desenvolupin trastorns fisiol\u00f2gics i ajudant a disminuir el creixement de microorganismes. Aplicant un tractament de <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/sistemes-de-refredament-rapid\/\"><strong>prerefredament<\/strong><\/a> es redueix fins a 20 vegades l&#8217;activitat respirat\u00f2ria en les pomes i els pr\u00e9ssecs i fins a 15 vegades en el br\u00f2quil (Boyette et al., 1991). A m\u00e9s, la realitzaci\u00f3 d&#8217;un tractament de <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/sistemes-de-refredament-rapid\/\"><strong>prerefredament<\/strong><\/a> aporta un estalvi energ\u00e8tic durant la frigoconservaci\u00f3 del producte (Thompson et al., 2001).<\/p>\n<p>A mesura que augmenta l&#8217;inter\u00e8s dels consumidors pels productes amb beneficis per a la salut i llestos per menjar, la t\u00e8cnica del \u00a0<a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/sistemes-de-refredament-rapid\/\"><strong>prerefredament<\/strong><\/a> guanya valor, tot facilitant la flexibilitat comercial i l\u2019arribada al consumidor quan el producte \u00e9s troba en el moment \u00f2ptim de maduresa (El-Ramady et al., 2015). Segons un estudi realitzat per Yang et al. (2007), un bon <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/sistemes-de-refredament-rapid\/\"><strong>prerefredament<\/strong><\/a> permet reduir en un 20% les p\u00e8rdues posteriors a la collita de fruita.<\/p>\n<p>Hi ha diferents sistemes i equips de <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/sistemes-de-refredament-rapid\/\"><strong>prerefredament<\/strong><\/a> per a productes hortofruct\u00edcoles, d&#8217;acord amb el medi i tecnologia utilitzats: aire, aigua, gel, per buit i en c\u00e0mera. L&#8217;elecci\u00f3 d&#8217;un sistema de <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/sistemes-de-refredament-rapid\/\"><strong>prerefredament<\/strong><\/a> \u00f2ptim dependr\u00e0 principalment del producte a tractar, efic\u00e0cia, necessitats energ\u00e8tiques, disponibilitat d&#8217;espais i cost econ\u00f2mic. Per aconseguir un funcionament adequat, una m\u00e0xima efici\u00e8ncia i una alta qualitat final del producte, \u00e9s essencial un disseny acurat i una selecci\u00f3 \u00f2ptima dels seus components. <strong>Industrial Leridana del Fr\u00edo, S.L. (ILERFRED)<\/strong> dissenya, construeix, distribueix i posa en funcionament diferents sistemes de <strong><a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/sistemes-de-refredament-rapid\/\">prerefredament<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5>1.1. pREREFREDAMENT mitjan\u00e7ant aire<\/h5>\n<p>El <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/tunels-refredament-rapid\/\"><strong>refredament per aire for\u00e7at<\/strong><\/a> consisteix a crear uns gradients de pressi\u00f3 dins de la c\u00e0mera mitjan\u00e7ant un extractor, for\u00e7ant que l&#8217;aire fred flueixi r\u00e0pidament a trav\u00e9s dels envasos, aquesta \u00e9s la t\u00e8cnica de refredament comercial m\u00e9s utilitzada per a productes a granel i productes paletitzats (Img 1A i 1B). Aquesta t\u00e8cnica millora la distribuci\u00f3 i augmenta la velocitat de refredament del producte.<\/p>\n\r\n\t\t\t<style type='text\/css'>\r\n\t\t\t\t#gallery-1 {\r\n\t\t\t\t\tmargin: 30px -15px;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-item {\r\n\t\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\r\n\t\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\r\n\t\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\r\n\t\t\t\t\twidth: 50%;\r\n\t\t\t\t\tpadding-left: 15px;\r\n\t\t\t\t\tpadding-right: 15px;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t\t#gallery-1 img {\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-caption {\r\n\t\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t<\/style>\r\n\t\t\t<!-- see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php -->\r\n\t\t\t<div data-carousel-extra='{&quot;blog_id&quot;:1,&quot;permalink&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/reduccio-de-les-perdues-postcollita-el-prerefredament\/&quot;}' id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-4630 gallery-columns-2'><dl class='gallery-item image-link'>\r\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon'>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_001.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"906\" height=\"810\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_001.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_001.jpg 906w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_001-300x268.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_001-300x268@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 906px) 100vw, 906px\" data-attachment-id=\"4604\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/reduccion-las-perdidas-postcosecha-preenfriamiento\/preenfriamiento_articulo_001\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_001.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"906,810\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_001\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_001.jpg\" \/><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item image-link'>\r\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon'>\r\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_002.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"602\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_002-1024x602.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_002-1024x602.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_002-300x176.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_002.jpg 1377w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_002-300x176@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-attachment-id=\"4605\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/reduccion-las-perdidas-postcosecha-preenfriamiento\/preenfriamiento_articulo_002\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_002.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1377,810\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_002\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_002-1024x602.jpg\" \/><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both;\">\r\n\t\t\t<br style='clear: both;'>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Imatge 1<\/strong> A) Foto d&#8217;un t\u00fanel d<a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/tunels-refredament-rapid\/\">&#8216;aire for\u00e7at<\/a>. B) Disseny 3-D d&#8217;un t\u00fanel d&#8217;\u00a0<a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/tunels-refredament-rapid\/\">aire for\u00e7at<\/a>\u00a0(ILERFRED).<\/p>\n<p>En l&#8217;actualitat ja hi ha sectors on aquesta t\u00e8cnica \u00e9s indispensable com, per exemple, en el de les maduixes. Refredar les maduixes una hora despr\u00e9s de collir-permet allargar el seu valor comercial al m\u00e0xim, en canvi, passades 1,5 h el seu valor comen\u00e7a a decr\u00e9ixer pr\u00e0cticament de forma lineal, arribant a tenir p\u00e8rdues del 90% de la collita refredant passades 8 hores (Img 2).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4653 size-full\" src=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREREFREDAMENT_1080x810px_imagen2i.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"810\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREREFREDAMENT_1080x810px_imagen2i.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREREFREDAMENT_1080x810px_imagen2i-300x127.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREREFREDAMENT_1080x810px_imagen2i-1024x432.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREREFREDAMENT_1080x810px_imagen2i-300x127@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Imatge 2 <\/strong>Percentatge del valor comercial de les maduixes en funci\u00f3 del temps qu\u00e8 es triga a refredar-les. Adaptat de Mitcham &amp; Gordon Mitchell (2002).<\/p>\n<p>El <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/tunels-refredament-rapid\/\"><strong>refredament per aire for\u00e7at<\/strong><\/a> \u00e9s la t\u00e8cnica adaptable a un major rang de productes i m\u00e9s vers\u00e0til per a operacions a petita escala. Tot i que cal tenir especial atenci\u00f3 amb productes molt susceptibles a deshidrataci\u00f3, ja que la p\u00e8rdua d&#8217;aigua varia amb les caracter\u00edstiques de la p\u00e8rdua d&#8217;humitat dels productes i pot variar, des de pr\u00e0cticament 0 fins a l&#8217;1% o el 2% del pes inicial (Thompson et al., 2002).<\/p>\n<p>Segons la revisi\u00f3 bibliogr\u00e0fica realitzada per Duan et al. (2020), s&#8217;ha demostrat l&#8217;efic\u00e0cia d&#8217;aquesta tecnologia en diferents productes, com per exemple, en taronges (Albayati et al., 2007), en pomes (Han et al., 2017) o en blat de moro (Cortbaoui et al., 2006).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h5>1.2. PreREFREDAMENT MITJAN\u00c7ANT AIGUA<\/h5>\n<p>L\u2019hidrorefredament o m\u00e9s comunament conegut com a <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/refredament-rapid-per-aigua-hidrocooling\/\"><strong>Hidrocooling<\/strong><\/a>, \u00e9s considerat la t\u00e8cnica de <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/sistemes-de-refredament-rapid\/\"><strong>prerefredament<\/strong><\/a> m\u00e9s r\u00e0pida. Existeixen dos tipus de refredadores per aigua, a trav\u00e9s de dutxa (Img 3A) i per immersi\u00f3 de producte (Img 3B).<\/p>\n<div id=\"tiled_gallery_6a7550b76562c\" class=\"gallery-tiled\" style=\"display:none;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/reduccion-las-perdidas-postcosecha-preenfriamiento\/preenfriamiento_articulo_004\/\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_004\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t     src=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_004-1024x764.jpg\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t     data-image=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_004.jpg\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t     data-description=\"\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t     style=\"display:none\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/reduccion-las-perdidas-postcosecha-preenfriamiento\/preenfriamiento_articulo_006\/\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_006\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t     src=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_006.jpg\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t     data-image=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_006.jpg\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t     data-description=\"\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t     style=\"display:none\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/div>\r\n\t\t<script>\r\n\t\t\tjQuery(document).ready(function(){\r\n\t\t\t\tjQuery(\"#tiled_gallery_6a7550b76562c\").unitegallery({\r\n\t\t\t\t\ttiles_type:\"justified\",\r\n\t\t\t\t\ttiles_justified_space_between: 10\r\n\t\t\t\t});\r\n\t\t\t});\r\n\t\t<\/script>\n<p><strong>Imatge 3 A) <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/refredament-rapid-per-aigua-hidrocooling\/\">Hidrocooling <\/a><\/strong>de dutxa.<strong> B) <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/refredament-rapid-per-aigua-hidrocooling\/\">Hidrocooling <\/a><\/strong>per immersi\u00f3<strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>L\u2019 <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/refredament-rapid-per-aigua-hidrocooling\/\"><strong>Hidrocooling de dutxa<\/strong><\/a> generalment refreda les fruites i verdures m\u00e9s r\u00e0pidament que el d&#8217;immersi\u00f3 atesa la seva taxa m\u00e9s gran de flux d&#8217;aigua i a l&#8217;augment del coeficient de transfer\u00e8ncia de calor a la superf\u00edcie (Gopala Rao, 2015). El <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/refredament-rapid-per-aigua-hidrocooling\/\"><strong>refredament per aigua<\/strong><\/a> \u00e9s m\u00e9s r\u00e0pid que per aire, a causa de l\u2019intercanvi m\u00e9s gran t\u00e8rmic, sent el coeficient de convecci\u00f3 a la superf\u00edcie del producte menor. Segons un estudi realitzat per Manganaris et al. (2007) en cirera, l\u2019 <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/refredament-rapid-per-aigua-hidrocooling\/\"><strong>Hidrocooling<\/strong><\/a> de dutxa permet eliminar la calor 10 vegades m\u00e9s r\u00e0pid que una c\u00e0mera de fred convencional. Segons un estudi realitzat per Silva et al. (2006), refredar pomes mitjan\u00e7ant un <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/refredament-rapid-per-aigua-hidrocooling\/\"><strong>Hidrocooling<\/strong> <strong>de dutxa<\/strong><\/a> \u00e9s dues vegades m\u00e9s r\u00e0pid que amb aire sota les mateixes condicions. L\u2019<strong>Hidrocooling<\/strong> ajuda a reduir la p\u00e8rdua de pes durant la conservaci\u00f3 i a mantenir una major fermesa i textura (Laurin et al., 2005). Cal tenir en compte que l\u2019 <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/refredament-rapid-per-aigua-hidrocooling\/\"><strong>Hidrocooling<\/strong><\/a> no \u00e9s adequat per a tota classe de <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/sectors\/fruita-i-verdura\/\"><strong>fruites i verdures<\/strong><\/a>, ja que algunes <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/sectors\/fruita-i-verdura\/\"><strong>fruites i verdures<\/strong><\/a> es fan malb\u00e9 f\u00e0cilment durant o despr\u00e9s de ser remullades en aigua, o s\u00f3n sensibles als qu\u00edmics desinfectants que s&#8217;afegeixen a l&#8217;aigua ( Prusky, 2011).<\/p>\n<p>Des de l&#8217;any 2000 s&#8217;han realitzat nombrosos estudis corroborant els beneficis d&#8217;aquesta tecnologia en diferents productes frescos, com per exemple en peres (Molinu et al., 2010), en pomes (Silva et al., 2006), en cirera (Toivonen, 2014), en espinacs m\u00ednimament processats (Garrido et al., 2015), en maduixes (Ferreira et al., 2006) i en diferents <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/sectors\/fruita-i-verdura\/\"><strong>fruites i verdures<\/strong><\/a> (Terol et al., 2004), entre altres.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5>1.3. Preenfriamiento mediante hielo<\/h5>\n<p>El <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/sistemes-de-refredament-rapid\/\"><strong>prerefredament<\/strong><\/a> mitjan\u00e7ant gel \u00e9s la t\u00e8cnica m\u00e9s antiga per tal de disminuir la temperatura de camp, consisteix en l&#8217;aplicaci\u00f3 directa de gel en l&#8217;env\u00e0s del producte a refredar. Es tracta de posar una capa de gel a la part superior del producte (Img 4) i a mesura que es va fonent, l&#8217;aigua va refredant les capes inferiors.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4609\" src=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_007.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"426\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_007.jpg 1218w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_007-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_007-1024x681.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_007-832x554.jpg 832w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_007-300x200@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 426px) 100vw, 426px\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Imatge 4 <\/strong>Fotografia de refredament de br\u00f2quils mitjan\u00e7ant gel (Dumont et al., 2016).<\/p>\n<p>Encara que \u00e9s una t\u00e8cnica r\u00e0pida, no tots els productes s\u00f3n susceptibles a ser tractats per aquest m\u00e8tode, ni tots els materials d&#8217;embalatges s\u00f3n aptes, com ara el cart\u00f3 parafinat tendeix a perdre la seva resist\u00e8ncia a la compressi\u00f3 en pres\u00e8ncia d&#8217;humitat. La pres\u00e8ncia d&#8217;humitat durant per\u00edodes perllongats en la superf\u00edcie pot induir el deteriorament microbiol\u00f2gic i afavorir el desenvolupament de fisiopaties durant la conservaci\u00f3. Cal considerar que mitjan\u00e7ant aquest m\u00e8tode s&#8217;ha de transportar el gel i, per tant, es perd capacitat de transportar c\u00e0rrega.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5>1.4. Prerefredament per buit<\/h5>\n<p>Consisteix a situar el producte a refredar en un recinte en qu\u00e8 es redueix la pressi\u00f3, fins a un valor prou baix perqu\u00e8 part de la seva aigua es vaporitzi, i per tant \u00e9s la mercaderia l&#8217;encarregada de subministrar la calor de vaporitzaci\u00f3 necess\u00e0ria per al canvi d&#8217;estat, aconseguint-se aix\u00ed la disminuci\u00f3 de la seva temperatura (Img 5). L&#8217;equip de buit ha d&#8217;estar dimensionat per aconseguir extreure l&#8217;aire humit que es troba a l&#8217;interior del recinte a l&#8217;inici del proc\u00e9s i eliminar tot el vapor que es produeix durant la fase de vaporitzaci\u00f3 fins a assolir la pressi\u00f3 final desitjada.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c9s un m\u00e8tode molt eficient, per\u00f2 el sistema \u00e9s car i es perd pes del producte. Per aix\u00f2 s&#8217;empra nom\u00e9s a productes molt peribles i de gran valor comercial. Aquesta t\u00e8cnica s&#8217;adapta millor a hortalisses amb una alta relaci\u00f3 de superf\u00edcie \/ volum i amb alta disponibilitat d&#8217;aigua a la capa epid\u00e8rmica.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-4657\" src=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREREFREDAMENT_Article_008.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"810\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREREFREDAMENT_Article_008.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREREFREDAMENT_Article_008-300x127.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREREFREDAMENT_Article_008-1024x432.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREREFREDAMENT_Article_008-300x127@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>Imatge 5<\/strong> Esquema d&#8217;un refredament per buit.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5>1.5. PreRefrEDAMENT EN CAMBRA<\/h5>\n<p>Aquest m\u00e8tode consisteix a refredar el producte directament en <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/fred-industrial\/\"><strong>cambres frigor\u00edfiques<\/strong><\/a> (Img 6). Aquesta tecnologia s&#8217;aplica principalment a productes amb una vida postcollita llarga i que toleren una eliminaci\u00f3 de la calor lenta. Per a aix\u00f2 es necessiten \u00a0c\u00e0meres amb una major pot\u00e8ncia instal\u00b7lada, amb una alta capacitat de circulaci\u00f3 d&#8217;aire, dimensionades per a aquestes necessitats, amb una al\u00e7ada m\u00e9s redu\u00efda i una menor densitat de c\u00e0rrega.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4611\" src=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_009.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"649\" height=\"464\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_009.jpg 1133w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_009-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_009-1024x732.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PREENFRIAMIENTO_Articulo_009-300x214@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 649px) 100vw, 649px\" \/><\/strong><strong>Imatge 6 <\/strong>Fotografia d&#8217;una cambra frigor\u00edfica.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Aquesta tecnologia consisteix en un refredament molt lent i requereix m\u00e9s espai que el necessari per a un adequat emmagatzematge, ocasionant una major p\u00e8rdua d&#8217;aigua del producte que les altres tecnologies.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><strong>2. Conclusions<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>El maneig postcollita \u00e9s clau per minimitzar l&#8217;impacte de la senesc\u00e8ncia del producte. Sent el <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/sistemes-de-refredament-rapid\/\"><strong>prerefredament<\/strong><\/a> essencial per poder mantenir el nivell de frescor del producte des del camp fins a la forquilla. Tamb\u00e9 es considera un dels m\u00e8todes m\u00e9s econ\u00f2mics per ajudar a preservar la qualitat i allargar la vida \u00fatil dels cultius comercials. El desafiament m\u00e9s gran \u00e9s adaptar adequadament la t\u00e8cnica de <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/sistemes-de-refredament-rapid\/\"><strong>prerefredament<\/strong><\/a> al producte a emmagatzemar, mitjan\u00e7ant un disseny \u00f2ptim del sistema per obtenir la m\u00e0xima qualitat del producte final al menor cost. Satisfer aquest desafiament permet tenir una major flexibilitat comercial i ajustar el producte a les necessitats actuals de mercat. A la taula seg\u00fcent, s&#8217;observa una comparativa de les caracter\u00edstiques principals de les tecnologies de <a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/sistemes-de-refredament-rapid\/\"><strong>prerefredament<\/strong><\/a> anteriorment descrites.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Taula 1 <\/strong>Comparaci\u00f3 dels diferents m\u00e8todes de prerefredament (Michigan State University, 2000).<\/p>\n<table width=\"652\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"253\"><strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"94\"><strong><em>T\u00fanel d\u2019aire<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"95\"><strong><em>Hidrocooling<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"78\"><strong><em>Gel<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"66\"><strong><em>Buit<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"66\"><strong><em>Cambra<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"253\"><strong>Temps t\u00edpic de refredament (h)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"94\">1-10<\/td>\n<td width=\"95\">0.1-1<\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">0.1-0.3<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0.3-2<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">20-100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"253\"><strong>P\u00e8rdua d\u2019aigua (%)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"94\">0.1-2<\/td>\n<td width=\"95\">0-0.5<\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">2-4<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0.1-2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"253\"><strong>Contacte d\u2019aigua <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"94\">No<\/td>\n<td width=\"95\">S\u00ed<\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">S\u00ed<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">No<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">No<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"253\"><strong>Possibilitat de contaminaci\u00f3<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"94\">Baix<\/td>\n<td width=\"95\">Alt<\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">Baix<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">Cap<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">Baix<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"253\"><strong>Cost capital<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"94\">Baix<\/td>\n<td width=\"95\">Baix<\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">Alt<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">Mitj\u00e0<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">Baix<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"253\"><strong>Cost energ\u00e8tic<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"94\">Baix<\/td>\n<td width=\"95\">Mitj\u00e0<\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">Mitj\u00e0<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">Alt<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">Baix<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"253\"><strong>Necessari embalatge resistent a l\u2019aigua<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"94\">No<\/td>\n<td width=\"95\">S\u00ed<\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">S\u00ed<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">No<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">No<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"253\"><strong>Portable<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"94\">A vegades<\/td>\n<td width=\"95\">A vegades<\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">S\u00ed<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">S\u00ed<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">No<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"253\"><strong>Viabilitat del refredament en l\u00ednia<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"94\">Rarament<\/td>\n<td width=\"95\">S\u00ed<\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">Rarament<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">S\u00ed<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">No<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4><\/h4>\n<h4><strong><br \/>\n3. Refer\u00e8ncies<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Albayati, O.A.Z., Kumar, R., Chauhan, G., 2007. Forced air precooling studies of perishable food products. Int. J. Food Eng. 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2202\/1556-3758.1119<\/p>\n<p>Boyette, M., Wilson, L.G., Estes, E., 1991. Design of room cooling facilities: structural and energy requirements.<\/p>\n<p>Cortbaoui, P., Goyette, B., Gari\u00e9py, Y., Charles, M.T., Raghavan, V.G.S., Vigneault, C., 2006. Forced air cooling system for Zea mays. J. Food, Agric. Environ. 4, 100\u2013104.<\/p>\n<p>Duan, Y., Wang, G.-B., Fawole, O.A., Verboven, P., Zhang, X.-R., Wu, D., Opara, U.L., Nicolai, B., Chen, K., 2020. Postharvest precooling of fruit and vegetables: A review. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 100, 278\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.04.027<\/p>\n<p>Dumont, M.., Orsat, V., Raghavan, V., 2016. Reducing Postharvest Losses, in: Madramootoo, C. (Ed.), Emerging Technologies for Promoting Food Security Overcoming the World Food Crisis. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, pp. 135\u2013156.<\/p>\n<p>El-Ramady, H.R., Domokos-Szabolcsy, \u00c9., AAbdalla, N., Taha, H.S., F\u00e1ri, M., 2015. Postharvest management of fruits and vegetables storage., in: Sustainable Agriculture Reviews. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, pp. 65\u2013152.<\/p>\n<p>Elansari, A.M., Fenton, D.L., Callahan, C.W., 2019. Precooling, Postharvest Technology of Perishable Horticultural Commodities. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-813276-0.00006-7<\/p>\n<p>Ferreira, M.D., Brecht, J.K., Sargent, S. a., Chandler, C.K., 2006. Hydrocooling as an alternative to forced-air cooling for maintaining fresh-market strawberry quality. Horttechnology 16, 659\u2013666.<\/p>\n<p>Garrido, Y., Tudela, J.A., Gil, M.I., 2015. Comparison of industrial precooling systems for minimally processed baby spinach. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 102, 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2014.12.003<\/p>\n<p>Gopala Rao, C., 2015. Hydrocooling of fruits, vegetables, and cut flowers, in: Engineering for Storage of Fruits and Vegetables. Academic Press, SAn Diego, United States, pp. 85\u2013110.<\/p>\n<p>Gustavsson, J., Cederberg, C., Sonesson, U., Emanuelsson, A., 2013. The methodology of the FAO study\u202f: Global Food Losses and Food Waste &#8211; extent , causes and prevention &#8211; FAO. SIK Inst. f\u00f6r Livsmed. och Biotek. 2011.<\/p>\n<p>Han, J.W., Bad\u00cda-melis, R., Yang, X.T., Ruiz-garcia, L., Qian, J.P., Zhao, C.J., 2017. CFD Simulation of airflow and heat transfer during forced-air precooling of apples. J. Food Process Eng. 40, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfpe.12390<\/p>\n<p>Laurin, \u00c9., Nunes, M.C.N., \u00c9mond, J.P., 2005. Re-cooling of strawberries after air shipment delays fruit senescence. Acta Hortic. 682, 1745\u20131752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17660\/ActaHortic.2005.682.233<\/p>\n<p>Manganaris, G.A., Ilias, I.F., Vasilakakis, M., Mignani, I., 2007. The effect of hydrocooling on ripening related quality attributes and cell wall physicochemical properties of sweet cherry fruit (Prunus avium L.). Int. J. Refrig. 30, 1386\u20131392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrefrig.2007.04.001<\/p>\n<p>Mercier, S., Brecht, J.K., Uysal, I., 2019. Commercial forced-air precooling of strawberries: A temperature distribution and correlation study. J. Food Eng. 242, 47\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2018.07.028<\/p>\n<p>Mitcham, E.., Gordon Mitchell, F., 2002. Strawberries and Cane Berries, in: Kader, A.A. (Ed.), Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. University of California, pp. 364\u2013370.<\/p>\n<p>Molinu, M.G., Venditti, T., Dore, A., Petretto, A., D\u2019Hallewin, G., Agabbio, M., 2010. The effect of hydrocooling on the keeping quality of early ripening pear cultivars, in: Acta Horticulturae. pp. 861\u2013868.<\/p>\n<p>Prusky, D., 2011. Reduction of the incidence of postharvest quality losses, and future prospects. Food Secur. 3, 463\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12571-011-0147-y<\/p>\n<p>Silva, F., Goyette, B., Bourgeois, G., 2006. Comparing forced air cooling and water cooling for apples 4, 33\u201336.<\/p>\n<p>Teruel, B., Kieckbusch, T., Cortez, L., 2004. Cooling parameters for fruits and vegetables of different sizes in a hydrocooling system. Sci. Agric. 61, 655\u2013658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0103-90162004000600014<\/p>\n<p>Thompson, J.F., Gordon Mitchell, F., Kasmire, R.F., 2002. Cooling horticultural Commodities, in: Kader, A.A. (Ed.), Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. University of California, pp. 97\u2013112.<\/p>\n<p>Thompson, J.F., Mejia, D.C., Singh, R.P., 2001. Energy use of commercial forced-air coolers for fruit. Appl. Eng. Agric. 26, 919\u2013924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/01.NEU.0000068866.22176.07<\/p>\n<p>Toivonen, P.M.A., 2014. Relationship of typical core temperatures after hydrocooling on retention of different quality components in sweet cherry. Horttechnology 24, 457\u2013462.<\/p>\n<p>Yang, Z., Ma, Z., Zha, C., Chen., Y., 2007. Study on forced-air pre-cooling of longan, in: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.<\/p>\n<p>Zhu, Z., Geng, Y., Sun, D.W., 2019. Effects of operation processes and conditions on enhancing performances of vacuum cooling of foods: A review. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 85, 67\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.12.011<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/ARTICLE_JULIOL_PREREFREDAMENT_CAT.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DESCARREGAR ARTICLE (PDF)<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Per:\u00a0\u00a0Laia Torregrosa Sauret (Resp. Dept. R+D) 1. Introducci\u00f3 Els productes hortofruct\u00edcoles comencen a deteriorar-se en el moment en qu\u00e8 han estat collits, sent m\u00e9s susceptibles a la p\u00e8rdua de sabor i textura, i a la [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4603,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_ilerfred_token_variable":"token","_ilerfred_token_code":"","_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4630","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-noticies"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Reducci\u00f3 de les p\u00e8rdues postcollita: el prerefredament &#060; Ilerfred &#060; Fr\u00edo Industrial, Atm\u00f3sfera Controlada, Refrigeraci\u00f3n, Humidificaci\u00f3n, Secaderos, Reparaci\u00f3n, Compresores<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/reduccio-de-les-perdues-postcollita-el-prerefredament\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Reducci\u00f3 de les p\u00e8rdues postcollita: el prerefredament &#060; Ilerfred &#060; Fr\u00edo Industrial, Atm\u00f3sfera Controlada, Refrigeraci\u00f3n, Humidificaci\u00f3n, Secaderos, Reparaci\u00f3n, Compresores\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Per:\u00a0\u00a0Laia Torregrosa Sauret (Resp. 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