{"id":5519,"date":"2020-09-07T11:29:32","date_gmt":"2020-09-07T09:29:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/?p=5519"},"modified":"2021-07-12T12:09:33","modified_gmt":"2021-07-12T10:09:33","slug":"historia-dels-sistemes-de-conservacio-de-la-fruita","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/historia-dels-sistemes-de-conservacio-de-la-fruita\/","title":{"rendered":"Hist\u00f2ria dels sistemes de conservaci\u00f3 de la fruita"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Per:\u00a0\u00a0<em>Laia Torregrosa Sauret (Resp. Dept. R+D)<\/em><\/p>\n<h4>1. La conservaci\u00f3 dels aliments: la refrigeraci\u00f3<\/h4>\n<p>La <strong>conservaci\u00f3 d&#8217;aliments<\/strong>, consisteix en l&#8217;aplicaci\u00f3 de tecnologies encarregades de perllongar la vida comercial dels productes i la seva disponibilitat per al consum, protegint-los de microorganismes pat\u00f2gens i altres agents responsables del seu deteriorament (Aguilar-Morales, 2012). Des de fa segles, fins i tot mil\u00b7lennis, han existit diferents m\u00e8todes de conservaci\u00f3, que s&#8217;han consolidat i han anat perfeccionant; un dels aven\u00e7os m\u00e9s importants fou la <strong>refrigeraci<\/strong>\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>En l&#8217;antiguitat s&#8217;utilitzava fred natural com, per exemple, neu i gel i, s&#8217;emmagatzemava en zones fredes subterr\u00e0nies. El 1755 es va realitzar el primer experiment per baixar artificialment la temperatura d&#8217;un producte, el professor William Cullen, va aconseguir crear una petita quantitat de gel mitjan\u00e7ant \u00e8ter diet\u00edlic com a refrigerant. Tres anys despr\u00e9s, John Hadley i Benjamin Franklin van realitzar les primeres proves documentades sobre la teoria de l&#8217;aire condicionat, aconseguint baixar la temperatura d&#8217;un term\u00f2metre de 64 graus Fahrenheit fins als 7 graus. Per\u00f2 no va ser fins a mitjan segle XIX que el fred es va aplicar de forma industrial.<\/p>\n<h4>2. Sistemes de conservaci\u00f3 de la fruita<\/h4>\n<p>Les fruites proporcionen molts nutrients essencials, com les vitamines i les fibres. S\u00f3n un aliment altament benefici\u00f3s per a la salut i el manteniment del nostre cos, per\u00f2, a la vegada, s\u00f3n un aliment perible. Al llarg de la hist\u00f2ria s&#8217;han dipositat grans esfor\u00e7os per tal de crear nous sistemes per allargar la seva vida comercial dels productes frescos.<\/p>\n<p>A finals del segle XIX es va descobrir que la fruita madura m\u00e9s lentament quan \u00e9s emmagatzemada en una atmosfera baixa d&#8217;oxigen per a coadjuvar l&#8217;acci\u00f3 conservant del fred (Dalrymple, 1969). Amb l&#8217;objectiu de donar valor afegit a la fruita, el 1925 va n\u00e9ixer el concepte d&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/atmosfera-controlada\/\"><strong>atmosfera controlada<\/strong> <\/a>(AC) (Yahia E., 1995). Kidd and West (1927) van ser els primers a estudiar els efectes de l&#8217;aplicaci\u00f3 de la tecnologia d&#8217;AC per conservar fruita durant la seva maduraci\u00f3. No obstant aix\u00f2, fins a la d\u00e8cada dels cinquanta, l&#8217;AC no va comen\u00e7ar a ser una tecnologia emergent a tot el m\u00f3n (Prange, 2005). Des de llavors, la tecnologia d&#8217;AC ha experimentat un continu desenvolupament i refinament, donant lloc a diferents m\u00e8todes, per\u00f2 sempre amb un objectiu com\u00fa: perllongar l&#8217;emmagatzematge de la fruita mantenint la seva qualitat des del camp fins a la forquilla.<\/p>\n<p>A la d\u00e8cada dels 70, les millores de l&#8217;AC van donar lloc a dues t\u00e8cniques diferents: ILOS (Initial Low Oxygen Stress) i RLOS (Repeated Low Oxygen Stress).<\/p>\n<p>La t\u00e8cnica de conservaci\u00f3 ILOS consisteix a produir un estr\u00e8s baixant els nivells d&#8217;oxigen de l&#8217;interior de la cambra frigor\u00edfica a l&#8217;inici de la conservaci\u00f3 en fred durant dues setmanes reduint el nivell d&#8217;oxigen de la fruita (\u22480.5 kPa O<sub>2<\/sub>), seguit d&#8217;un emmagatzematge en condicions d&#8217;<strong>AC<\/strong> (Eaves et al., 1969). Calvo et al. (2015) van conservar peres de la varietat &#8216;Beurr\u00e9 d&#8217;Anjou&#8217; durant 9 mesos sota condicions d\u2019ILOS (0.5 kPa O<sub>2<\/sub> i 0.1 kPa CO<sub>2<\/sub>) seguides d&#8217;una conservaci\u00f3 a nivells molt baixos d&#8217;oxigen ULO (Ultra Low Oxygen levels) (1.0 kPa O<sub>2<\/sub> i 0.1 kPa CO<sub>2<\/sub>) i van analitzar la qualitat final. Observaren una reducci\u00f3 dels trastorns superficials i interns en comparaci\u00f3 amb les peres tractades amb difenilamina (DPA, diphenylamine) i amb peres emmagatzemades sota una atmosfera normal. Ramokonyane (2016) va emmagatzemar peres de la varietat &#8216;Packham\u2019s Triumph&#8217; sota condicions ILOS a 0.7 kPa O<sub>2<\/sub> durant 10 dies seguits d&#8217;una AC, observant que sota aquestes condicions es podia controlar l&#8217;aparici\u00f3 de l&#8217;escaldat superficial.<\/p>\n<p>La t\u00e8cnica de conservaci\u00f3 RLOS consisteix en l&#8217;aplicaci\u00f3 de repetits estressos baixant el contingut d&#8217;oxigen de la cambra frigor\u00edfica al llarg de la conservaci\u00f3. Conservant a nivells baixos d&#8217;oxigen i, per tal d&#8217;evitar la fermentaci\u00f3 de la fruita, s&#8217;ha de controlar el contingut d&#8217;etanol en la polpa de la fruita durant l&#8217;emmagatzematge en AC (Prange et al., 2015). Fadanelli et al. (2015), van aplicar la tecnologia RLOS per conservar pomes, aplicant entre 2 i 3 estressos al llarg del per\u00edode de conservaci\u00f3, mentre que Kawhena et al. (2018) van emmagatzemar peres &#8216;Packham s Triumph&#8217; baixant els nivells d&#8217;oxigen a 0.5 kPa durant 7 dies un cop al mes durant els 10 mesos d&#8217;emmagatzematge. Zanella and St\u00fcrz (2013) van observar que les pomes &#8216;Red Delicious&#8217; emmagatzemades durant 6 mesos sota condicions RLOS retenien millor la qualitat inicial i redu\u00efen substancialment la severitat de la incid\u00e8ncia d&#8217;escaldat superficial.<\/p>\n<p>El 1996, H\u00f6hn et al., (1996) van introduir un nou concepte: AC retardada, consisteix a emmagatzemar la fruita entre dues i vuit setmanes sota atmosfera normal a baixa temperatura abans de reduir els nivells d&#8217;oxigen de l&#8217;interior de la cambra frigor\u00edfica amb l&#8217;objectiu d&#8217;evitar fisiopaties com les cavitats internes i la descomposici\u00f3 de la polpa. Es va concloure que una AC retardada de 21 dies pot reduir entre un 50 i un 90% la formaci\u00f3 d&#8217;enfosquiment en peres &#8216;Conference&#8217; (Img. 2). Un altre estudi realitzat per Saquet et al. (2001), va mostrar que una AC retardada redueix els trastorns d&#8217;enfosquiment interns en peres &#8216;Conference&#8217;. Recentment, Saquet et al. (2017) van investigar l&#8217;aplicaci\u00f3 d&#8217;<strong>AC<\/strong> retardada per conservar peres &#8216;Rocha&#8217; i van observar que els trastorns interns depenien de la pressi\u00f3 parcial d&#8217;oxigen.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5507\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/imatge-01.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1367\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/imatge-01.jpg 1367w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/imatge-01-300x263.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/imatge-01-1024x899.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/imatge-01-300x263@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1367px) 100vw, 1367px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Imatge 2<\/strong> Trastorns d&#8217;enfosquiment intern en peres &#8216;Conference&#8217; conservades durant 4 mesos sota condicions d&#8217;emmagatzematge que indueixen a l&#8217;enfosquiment (sense per\u00edode de refredament, 1% d&#8217;O<sub>2<\/sub>, 10% de CO<sub>2<\/sub>, -1 \u00b0 C). Els s\u00edmptomes es poden dividir en quatre categories, que no necess\u00e0riament tenen el mateix origen. (A) Enfosquiment radial; (B) Enfosquiment asim\u00e8tric; (C) Taques marrons i punts secs entre l&#8217;extensi\u00f3 dels cinc carpels; (D) Cavitats aleat\u00f2ries (Franck et al., 2007).<\/p>\n<p>El 1982 es va publicar la primera investigaci\u00f3 sobre la tecnologia m\u00e9s recent, l&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/atmosfera-controlada\/\"><strong>atmosfera controlada<\/strong><\/a> din\u00e0mica (DCA, de les seves sigles en angl\u00e8s), amb l&#8217;objectiu d&#8217;emmagatzemar fruita a llarg termini, mantenint la qualitat <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/reduccio-de-les-perdues-postcollita-el-prerefredament\/\"><strong>postcollita<\/strong><\/a> i controlant els trastorns fisiol\u00f2gics (Alique and de la Plaza, 1982).<\/p>\n<h5>2.1 Equips necessaris per a l&#8217;aplicaci\u00f3 d&#8217;atmosfera controlada<\/h5>\n<p>L\u2019AC permet retardar la maduraci\u00f3 del fruit retardant el seu estovament i reduint la p\u00e8rdua de sabor i aroma. Gr\u00e0cies a l\u2019hermeticitat de la c\u00e0mera es redueix la deshidrataci\u00f3 del producte. A m\u00e9s, permet reduir les alteracions fisiol\u00f2giques i f\u00fangiques. Per tal de poder aplicar una atmosfera controlada es necessiten equips i sensors d&#8217;alta efici\u00e8ncia, el que comporta una inversi\u00f3 inicial elevada (Img.3). Per tal d&#8217;optimitzar tota la instal\u00b7laci\u00f3, \u00e9s important proveir-se d&#8217;equips d&#8217;\u00faltima generaci\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5520 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Esquema_AC_CAT.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Esquema_AC_CAT.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Esquema_AC_CAT-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Esquema_AC_CAT-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Esquema_AC_CAT-300x169@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Imatge 3 <\/strong>Esquema dels equips necessaris per a una instal\u00b7laci\u00f3 d&#8217;atmosfera controlada.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <strong>Analitzador de gasos:<\/strong> permet mesurar i controlar l&#8217;evoluci\u00f3 dels nivells d&#8217;O<sub>2<\/sub> i CO<sub>2<\/sub> a l&#8217;interior de la c\u00e0mera. Treballant a nivells tan baixos d&#8217;oxigen es requereix un analitzador acurat i calibrat a fi d&#8217;evitar que els productes hortofruct\u00edcoles emmagatzemats es facin malb\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <strong>Absorbidor o depuradora de CO<sub>2<\/sub>:<\/strong> la composici\u00f3 de la mescla de gasos dins de les c\u00e0meres pateix canvis continus en funci\u00f3 de l&#8217;activitat metab\u00f2lica del producte emmagatzemat i els <strong>absorbidors<\/strong> s\u00f3n necessaris per eliminar l&#8217;exc\u00e9s de CO<sub>2<\/sub>. Els absorbidors es classifiquen generalment segons el material absorbent: Ca(OH)2, NaOH, H2O, zeolites, carb\u00f3 actiu, segons la manera d&#8217;absorci\u00f3 (\u00e9s a dir, qu\u00edmic o f\u00edsic), o segons la manera de pas de l&#8217;aire a trav\u00e9s de l&#8217;agent absorbent. Els absorbidors m\u00e9s populars usen carb\u00f3 actiu, el qual absorbeix les mol\u00e8cules de CO<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <strong>Generador de nitrogen:<\/strong> la reducci\u00f3 m\u00e9s r\u00e0pida del nivell d&#8217;O<sub>2<\/sub> a l&#8217;atmosfera s&#8217;obt\u00e9 mitjan\u00e7ant l&#8217;\u00fas de g<strong>eneradors de nitrogen<\/strong> o mitjan\u00e7ant l&#8217;alimentaci\u00f3 amb nitrogen. Baixar l&#8217;O<sub>2<\/sub> a nivells d&#8217;atmosfera controlada en estat estacionari mitjan\u00e7ant t\u00e8cniques no biol\u00f2giques \u00e9s desavantatj\u00f3s des d&#8217;un punt de vista financer, a causa de l&#8217;alt consum de combustible o de nitrogen. Els generadors de nitrogen separen selectivament l&#8217;aire per produir un sistema de nitrogen enriquit mitjan\u00e7ant l&#8217;\u00fas de carb\u00f3 actiu. Actualment els sistemes m\u00e9s utilitzats s\u00f3n els generadors de nitrogen amb tecnologia <strong>PSA<\/strong> (Pressure Swing Adsorption) (Img.4).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5509\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/imatge-03.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"176\" height=\"186\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Imatge 4<\/strong> Foto d&#8217;un absorbidor de nitrogen PSA per atmosfera controlada (Besseling).<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <strong>V\u00e0lvula equilibradora de pressi\u00f3:<\/strong> les v\u00e0lvules permeten compensar les difer\u00e8ncies de pressi\u00f3 per prevenir danys a la cambra. Es tracta d&#8217;un dispositiu de seguretat i entra en funcionament quan es produeixen depressions o sobrepressions a l&#8217;interior de la c\u00e0mera.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <strong>Pulmons de compensaci\u00f3:<\/strong> els <strong>pulmons o bosses d&#8217;expansi<\/strong>\u00f3, permeten compensar les variacions de pressi\u00f3 de l&#8217;interior de la c\u00e0mera sense modificar el contingut d&#8217;oxigen de la cambra. S&#8217;instal\u00b7len a l&#8217;exterior de les cambres i \u00e9s molt important realitzar un bon disseny per assegurar una capacitat suficient.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <strong>Hermeticitat:<\/strong> l\u2019hermeticitat \u00e9s un prerequisit fonamental, les parets de les cambres han de tenir una alta estanquitat per garantir el manteniment de les concentracions de gasos desitjades. En cas contrari, l&#8217;oxigen exterior entraria per difusi\u00f3 a l&#8217;interior de la c\u00e0mera a trav\u00e9s dels porus de les parets.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/qui-som\/\"><strong>ILERFRED<\/strong><\/a> ha estat la pionera a Espanya, des de fa m\u00e9s de 25 anys, en la introducci\u00f3 de les plantes generadores de nitrogen per a la reducci\u00f3 de l&#8217;oxigen en c\u00e0meres. Substituint els antics reductors catal\u00edtics d&#8217;oxigen mitjan\u00e7ant la combusti\u00f3 amb prop\u00e0.<\/p>\n<h5>2.2 L&#8217;atmosfera controlada din\u00e0mica<\/h5>\n<p>L&#8217;emmagatzematge sota condicions de <strong>DC<\/strong>A permet conservar al nivell d&#8217;oxigen m\u00e9s baix tolerat pel fruit, tamb\u00e9 anomenat nivell d&#8217;oxigen m\u00e9s baix (LOL, de les seves sigles en angl\u00e8s), adaptant les concentracions de gas din\u00e0micament en funci\u00f3 de la resposta fisiol\u00f2gica canviant del producte. Mantenint el nivell d\u2019oxigen el m\u00e9s a prop possible del punt de compensaci\u00f3 anaer\u00f2bic (ACP). Si el sistema detecta un estr\u00e8s fisiol\u00f2gic del producte, augmenta el nivell d&#8217;oxigen fins que la resposta del producte torni al llindar \u00f2ptim, sempre per damunt del llindar de fermentaci\u00f3 (Img.5). La <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/servicio\/cambres-de-maduracio\/\"><strong>maduraci\u00f3 dels fruits<\/strong><\/a> mantinguts a aquests nivells d&#8217;oxigen es pot retardar de manera m\u00e9s efectiva que emmagatzemant sota una AC cl\u00e0ssica. En aquestes condicions, els processos d&#8217;oxidaci\u00f3 i senesc\u00e8ncia tamb\u00e9 s&#8217;alenteixen (Saquet, 2019).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5510\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/imatge-02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1404\" height=\"925\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/imatge-02.jpg 1404w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/imatge-02-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/imatge-02-1024x675.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/imatge-02-300x198@2x.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1404px) 100vw, 1404px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Imatge 5<\/strong> Consum d&#8217;oxigen i producci\u00f3 de di\u00f2xid de carboni (Prange et al., 2011).<\/p>\n<p>La tecnologia DCA requereix un control prec\u00eds de les concentracions de gasos i el monitoratge de la resposta metab\u00f2lica de la fruita, per assegurar que el proc\u00e9s de fermentaci\u00f3 de la fruita (respiraci\u00f3 anaer\u00f2bica) no s&#8217;inici\u00ef. La resposta metab\u00f2lica de la fruita \u00e9s monitorada per un sensor i les concentracions de gas a DCA es regulen d&#8217;acord amb el senyal proporcionat per aquest sensor. Actualment, al mercat hi ha tres tipus de sensors que es basen en mesuraments de: fluoresc\u00e8ncia de clorofil\u00b7la (DCA-CF) (Img.6), quocient respiratori (DCA-RQ) i contingut d&#8217;etanol en la polpa de fruita (DCA- EtOH) o en l&#8217;atmosfera de cambra (DCA-DCS).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5511\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/imatge-04.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"176\" height=\"183\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Imatge 6 <\/strong>Foto del sensor FruitObserver (FO) fabricat per (Besseling, The Netherlands) i comercialitzat per ILERFRED.<\/p>\n<h5>2.1.1 Avantatges i limitacions de la DCA<\/h5>\n<p>La tecnologia <strong>DCA-CF<\/strong> exerceix efectes positius en comparaci\u00f3 amb l&#8217;AC cl\u00e0ssica durant l&#8217;emmagatzematge de pomes, controlant diferents trastorns fisiol\u00f2gics relacionats amb la senesc\u00e8ncia (Zanella et al., 2008, 2005). D&#8217;acord amb Prange et al. (2011), DCA-CF prev\u00e9 l&#8217;escaldat superficial a la pera. No obstant aix\u00f2, el nombre de sensors necessaris en una c\u00e0mera s&#8217;ha de triar d&#8217;acord amb l&#8217;heterogene\u00eftat del producte, fet que pot ser molt cost\u00f3s. A m\u00e9s a m\u00e9s, la quantitat de fruita analitzada per sensor determinar la fermentaci\u00f3 de tota la cambra \u00e9s petita.<\/p>\n<p>La tecnologia <strong>DCA-RQ<\/strong> ha demostrat resultats satisfactoris en pomes (Bessemans et al., 2016). Les c\u00e0meres han de ser completament herm\u00e8tiques. El principal avantatge \u00e9s que el sensor considera la totalitat del producte emmagatzemat dins de la cambra. Per\u00f2 en cas de no homogene\u00eftat del producte conservat pot produir resultats molt dispars en una mateixa cambra.<\/p>\n<p>El <strong>DCA-EtOH<\/strong> \u00e9s una t\u00e8cnica manual i molt costosa de temps, i no \u00e9s representativa de tota la cambra. No \u00e9s una tecnologia aut\u00f2noma i cal agafar fruita de dins la cambra una vegada que es controla l&#8217;atmosfera.<\/p>\n<p>El <strong>DCA-DCS<\/strong> analitza una mostra petita, de manera que els valors mesurats poden no ser representatius de tota la cambra. Els llindars d&#8217;etanol tolerats per la fruita encara no estan ben definits, ja que part de la quantitat d&#8217;etanol acumulat pot ser metabolitzat per la fruita. A causa de l&#8217;alta solubilitat en aigua de l&#8217;etanol, la major part de l&#8217;etanol produ\u00eft a trav\u00e9s de la fermentaci\u00f3 roman en les c\u00e8l\u00b7lules (Gupta et al., 2000), el que fa que la concentraci\u00f3 d&#8217;etanol mesurada a l&#8217;atmosfera sigui menor, subestimant l\u2019estr\u00e8s d&#8217;oxigen experimentat per la fruita (Pesis, 2005).<\/p>\n<p>\u00c9s evident que el dilema de triar les condicions \u00f2ptimes de l&#8217;atmosfera es pot superar controlant cont\u00ednuament la composici\u00f3 de l&#8217;atmosfera d&#8217;emmagatzematge en funci\u00f3 de la resposta del producte, encara que per desenvolupar el sensor o sistema ideal encara queden moltes preguntes per respondre (Torregrosa, 2020).<\/p>\n<h4>3. Refer\u00e8ncies<\/h4>\n<p>Aguilar-Morales, J., 2012. M\u00e9todos de conservaci\u00f3n de alimentos. Red Tercer Milenio.<\/p>\n<p>Alique, R., de la Plaza, J.L., 1982. Dynamic controlled atmosphere for apple storage. Proc. Meet. IIR Comm. B2, C2 D1. Sofia, Bulg. 342\u2013349.<\/p>\n<p>Bessemans, N., Verboven, P., Verlinden, B.E., Nicola\u00ef, B.M., 2016. A novel type of dynamic controlled atmosphere storage based on the respiratory quotient (RQ-DCA).<br \/>\nPostharvest Biol. Technol. 115, 91\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2015.12.019<\/p>\n<p>Calvo, G., Salvador, M.E., Sanchez, E., 2015. Control of superficial scald in Beurr\u00e9 d\u2019Anjou pears with low oxygen levels. Acta Hortic. 879\u2013882.<br \/>\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.17660\/actahortic.2002.596.153<\/p>\n<p>Dalrymple, G.D., 1969. The development of an agricultural technology: controlled atmosphere storage of fruits. Technol. Cult. 10 (1), 35\u201348.<\/p>\n<p>Eaves, C.A., Forsyth, F.R., Lockhart, C.L., 1969. Recent developments in storage research at Kentville, Nova Scotia. Can. Inst. Food Technol. J. 2, 46\u201351.<\/p>\n<p>Fadanelli, L., Turrini, L., Zeni, F., Buglia, L., 2015. Apples: DCA storage with repeated gas stress &#8211; the experience in the management of commercial cells. Acta Hortic. 1071, 725\u2013730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17660\/ActaHortic.2015.1071.96<\/p>\n<p>Franck, C., Lammertyn, J., Ho, Q.T., Verboven, P., Verlinden, B., Nicola\u00ef, B.M., 2007. Browning disorders in pear fruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 43, 1\u201313.<br \/>\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2006.08.008<\/p>\n<p>Gupta, A.K., Teja, A.S., Chai, X.S., Zhu, J.Y., 2000. Henry\u2019s constants of n-alkanols (methanol through n-hexanol) in water at temperatures between 40\u00b0C and 90\u00b0C. Fluid Phase Equilib. 170, 183\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0378-3812(00)00350-2<\/p>\n<p>H\u00f6hn, E., Jampen, M., D\u00e4twyler, D., 1996. Kavernenbildung in Conf\u00e9rence \u2212 Risikoverminderung. Schweiz. Z. Obs. und Weinbau 7, 180\u2013181.<\/p>\n<p>Kawhena, T.G., Opara, U.L., Botes, W.J., Fawole, O.A., 2018. Effect of repeated low oxygen stress (RLOS) on physiological disorders, physico-chemical properties and sensory parameters of \u201cPackham\u2019s Triumph\u201d pears. Acta Hortic. 1201, 65\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17660\/ActaHortic.2018.1201.10<\/p>\n<p>Kidd, F., West, C., 1927. Atmosphere control in fruit storage. Gt. Britain Dep. Sci. Ind. Res. Food Investig. Board Rep. 32\u201333.<\/p>\n<p>Pesis, E., 2005. The role of the anaerobic metabolites, acetaldehyde and ethanol, in fruit ripening, enhancement of fruit quality and fruit deterioration. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 37, 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2005.03.001<\/p>\n<p>Prange, R.K., 2005. Innovation in controlled atmosphere technology. Stewart Postharvest Rev. 1, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2212\/spr.2005.3.9<\/p>\n<p>Prange, R.K., Delong, J.M., Wright, A.H., 2011. Storage of pears using dynamic controlled-atmosphere (DCA), a non-chemical method, in: Acta Horticulturae. pp. 707\u2013718.<\/p>\n<p>Prange, R.K., Wright, A.H., DeLong, J.M., Zanella, A., 2015. A review on the successful adoption of dynamic controlled-atmosphere (DCA) storage as a replacement for diphenylamine (DPA), the chemical used for control of superficial scald in apples and pears. Acta Hortic. 1071, 389\u2013396.<\/p>\n<p>Ramokonyane, T.M., 2016. Effects of dynamic controlled atmosphere and initial low oxygen stress on superficial scald of \u2018Granny Smith\u2019 apples and \u2018Packham\u2019s Triumph\u2019 pears. Stellenbosch University.<\/p>\n<p>Saquet, A.., Streif, J., Bangerth, F., 2001. On the involvement of adenine nucleotides in the development of brown heart in \u2018 Conference \u2019 pears during delayed controlled. Gartenbauwissenschaft 66, 140\u2013144.<\/p>\n<p>Saquet, A.A., 2019. Storage of pears. Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam). 246, 1009\u20131016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.SCIENTA.2018.11.091<\/p>\n<p>Saquet, A.A., Streif, J., Almeida, D.P.F., 2017. Responses of \u2018Rocha\u2019 pear to delayed controlled atmosphere storage depend on oxygen partial pressure. Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam). 222, 17\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scienta.2017.05.006<\/p>\n<p>Torregrosa, L., 2020. Changes in quality parameters during growth, cold storage and shelf life of \u2018Conference\u2019 pears: from orchard to consumer. TDX (Tesis Dr. en Xarxa).<\/p>\n<p>Yahia E., 1995. La tecnolog\u00eda de las atm\u00f3sferas modificadas y controladas parte I. Hoticultura Int. 37\u201339.<\/p>\n<p>Zanella, A., Cazzanelli, P., Panarese, A., Coser, M., Cecchinel, M., Rossi, O., 2005. Fruit fluorescence response to low oxygen stress: Modern storage technologies compared to 1-MCP treatment of apple. Acta Hortic. 682.<\/p>\n<p>Zanella, A., Cazzanelli, P., Rossi, O., 2008. Dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA) storage by the means of chlorophyll fluorescence response for firmness retention in apple. Acta Hortic. 796, 77\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17660\/ActaHortic.2008.796.7<\/p>\n<p>Zanella, A., St\u00fcrz, S., 2013. Replacing DPA postharvest treatment by strategical application of novel storage technologies controls scald in 1\/10th of EU\u2019s apples producing area. Acta Hortic. 1012, 419\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17660\/ActaHortic.2013.1012.53<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/HIST\u00d2RIA_DELS_SISTEMES_DE_CONSERVACI\u00d3_DE_LA_FRUITA11698.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DESCARREGAR ARTICLE (PDF)<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Per:\u00a0\u00a0Laia Torregrosa Sauret (Resp. Dept. R+D) 1. La conservaci\u00f3 dels aliments: la refrigeraci\u00f3 La conservaci\u00f3 d&#8217;aliments, consisteix en l&#8217;aplicaci\u00f3 de tecnologies encarregades de perllongar la vida comercial dels productes i la seva disponibilitat per al [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10964,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_ilerfred_token_variable":"token","_ilerfred_token_code":"","_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5519","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-noticies"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Hist\u00f2ria dels sistemes de conservaci\u00f3 de la fruita &#060; Ilerfred &#060; Fr\u00edo Industrial, Atm\u00f3sfera Controlada, Refrigeraci\u00f3n, Humidificaci\u00f3n, Secaderos, Reparaci\u00f3n, Compresores<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ilerfred.com\/ca\/historia-dels-sistemes-de-conservacio-de-la-fruita\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hist\u00f2ria dels sistemes de conservaci\u00f3 de la fruita &#060; Ilerfred &#060; Fr\u00edo Industrial, Atm\u00f3sfera Controlada, Refrigeraci\u00f3n, Humidificaci\u00f3n, Secaderos, Reparaci\u00f3n, Compresores\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Per:\u00a0\u00a0Laia Torregrosa Sauret (Resp. 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